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.93, Winter 1993 1994, 181.7.Michael Kelly, Surrender and Blame, New Yorker, vol.30, no.42, 19 December1994, 44.8.Chaim I.Waxman, The Stigma of Poverty.A Critique of Poverty Theories and Poli-cies, New York: Pergamon, 1977, 124.9.Susan L.Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War,Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1995.10.The Other Balkan Wars, 14 15.11.Esther Benbassa, Balkans: sortir du cadre des État nations, Liberation, 16 17 Janu-ary 1993, 5.12.Wolfgang Iser, Prospecting: From Reader Response to Literary Anthropology, Balti-more and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989, 238 241; Susan R.Suleiman andInge Crosman, eds., The Reader in the Text: Essays on Audience and Interpretation, Princeton,N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980.13.Breckenridge and van der Veer, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, 5.14.Wolfgang Iser, The Fictive and the Imaginary.Chartering Literary Anthropology,Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993, xvii.15.Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language,New York: Pantheon, 1972, 229; Foucault, Space, Power and Knowledge, Simon During,ed., The Cultural Studies Reader, London and New York: Routledge, 1993, 169.16.J.Richard Eiser, Social Psychology: Attitudes, Cognition and Social Behavior, Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 39; Alice H.Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psy-chology of Attitudes, Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1993, 635 636.17.Agnes Heller, Europe: An Epilogue? Brian Nelson, David Roberts, and WalterVeit, eds., The Idea of Europe: Problems of National and Transnational Identity, New Yorkand Oxford: Berg, 1992, 14.Afterword1.Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.2.Tony Judt, A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe, quoted in New York Times, Janu-ary 24, 1997, A2.3.Scholars argue about whether there was a formal commitment, but Mikhail Gorbachevin a recent interview was unequivocal that such a commitment was made (Adrian Blomfieldand Mike Smith, Gorbachev:US could start a new Cold War, The Daily Telegraph, 7 May2008; available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1933223/Gorbachev-US-could-start-new-Cold-War.html).See also Stephen F.Cohen, Gorbachev sLost Legacy, The Nation, February 24, 2005; Robert B.Zoellick, The Lessons of GermanUnification, The National Interest, September 22, 2000.4.This point is made by Charles King, The Kosovo Precedent, NewsNet: The News-letter of the AAASS, May 2008, 48: 3, 1 3.5.Ibid., 1. Notes to pp.191 195 2296.Mathew Yglesias, Kosovo and the Rise of the Humantiarian Hawks, The AmericanProspect, February 21, 2008 (available at: http://www.prospect.org/cs/article-kosovo_and_therise_of_the_humanitarian_hawks.7.See Maria Todorova, The Balkans: From Invention to Intervention, in William J.Buckley, ed., Kosovo: Contending Voices on Balkan Interventions, Grand Rapids/London:Eerdmans, 2000, 159 169.8.The Balkans as a name clearly continues to evoke the darkest of associations.A re-cent novel by Barbara Shenouda, about a Canadian novelist who has suffered the horrors ofthe Second World War, confronts the dark secrets of her past, and uncovers a deadly con-spiracy to resurrect Hitler, is entitled The Balkan Secret Conspiracy (Lincoln, NE, 2007).9.For a critique of the persistent presence of balkanism in academic studies, see MariaTodorova, The Mausoleum of Georgi Dimitrov as Lieu de Mémoire, Journal of ModernHistory, vol.78, N.2, June 2006, 374 411.10.Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, In Memoriam: Edward W.Said, Comparative Studiesof South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 23: 1&2, 2003, 6 7.11.Spivak, 6.12.Ibid., 7.13.Here I am using Southeastern Europe and the Balkans as synonyms.On the nu-anced differences between the two, see my treatment in Historische Vermächtnisse alsAnalysekategorie.Der Fall Südosteuropa, in Karl Kaser, ed., Europa und die Grenzen imKopf, Wieser Verlag, 2003, 221 246.14.Spivak was alluding to the title of Balkan As Metaphor: Between Globalization andFragmentation, ed.by Duaan Bjelić and Obrad Savić.Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002.This collection of essays, while accepting the difference between balkanism and orientalism,explicitly posits balkanism as a critical study of colonial representation (p.4).15.It is symptomatic that there is not one single historian among the 15 authors of Balkanas Metaphor.Seven are literary scholars, six philosophers, one an anthropologist, and one afeminist antiwar activist.To my knowledge, the only historian who works on the premise thatthe Ottoman Empire was a colonial formation and the Balkans have a postcolonial predica-ment is Mary Neuburger, in The Orient Within: Muslim Minorities and the Negotiation ofNationhood in Modern Bulgaria (Cornell University Press, 2004).16.The expression belongs to Kaplana Seshadri-Crooks, At the Margins of PostcolonialStudies: Part 1, in Fawzi Afzal-Khan and Kaplana Seshadri-Crooks, eds., The Pre-Occupationof Postcolonial Studies.Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000, 3 4.17.In the case of Balkan as Metaphor, there may also be another correlation that helpsto explain the special predisposition for postcolonial theory in the former Yugoslavia, evenbefore and apart from the wars for the Yugoslav succession in the 1990s.Of the fourteenarticles in the volume, nine have been written by ex-Yugoslavs of the generation socializedunder Tito, who had distinct ambitions and successfully maneuvered for the leadership ofthe Third World, and under whose rule Yugoslavia maintained special relations with India.Many Yugoslavs either studied in India or visited, and in any case have kept open a traditionof intellectual contacts.Apart from this case, which makes an explicit link between balkanismand postcolonialism, the other examples of applying postcolonial theory by East Europeansrefer mostly to the postsocialist period and the involvement of Eastern Europe in the processof globalization: József Böröcz, Empire and Coloniality in the Eastern Enlargement of theEuropean Union, in József Böröcz and Melinda Kovács, eds., Empire s New Clothes: Un-veiling EU Enlargement.Published by Central Europe Review, 2001, 4 50 (http://www.ce-review.org); Henry F
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