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.As a final comment on the accuracy of the information on the Passen-ger Lists, note that many of the conclusions discussed in this chapter werebased on an analysis of these data, and these conclusions broadly agreewith existing views in the literature.One additional piece of evidenceis shown in Table A5.1, where data, taken from the good lists, on theoccupational distributions of German immigrants by port of embarkationare presented.These data are broadly consistent with existing views ofimmigration.Le Havre drew immigrants almost totally from southwestGermany, the area of partible inheritance, small farm size, and extremeland pressure.It is not surprising that ships leaving from Le Havrecontained the largest percentages of farmers in the sample.Bremenand Antwerp drew immigrants from wider areas of Germany and theiroccupational distributions are more balanced.The ports of Hamburg,London, and Liverpool all sent immigrants who traveled through Ham-burg.The occupational distributions of Germans leaving from these ports60Günther, Auswandererlisten.Hamburg was, however, the least important of theembarkation ports for the Germans.See Table 6.2.61Swierenga, Faith.62See the discussion in Wegge, Hesse-Cassel Emigrants, p.361.One example of suchwork is the study by Kamphoefner, Westfalians. Who Were the Immigrants? 123table A5.1.Occupational Distribution of Male German Immigrants, byPort, 1836 1853 (percent of column total)Hamburg andOccupation Le Havre Antwerp Bremen British PortsFarmers 69% 50% 52% 32%Unskilled 7% 13% 3% 14%Artisans and Skilled 22% 35% 40% 47%White Collar 2% 2% 5% 7%Source: Data underlying the results reported in Cohn, Occupational Evidence. were virtually identical another indicator of the accuracy of the infor-mation on the good Passenger Lists and thus they are combined in TableA5.1.Hamburg and the British ports drew many immigrants from northand east Germany, the areas of large-scale farming.As a result, shipsleaving from these ports contained the smallest percentage of farmers.In summary, the data in Table A5.1 indicate the occupational informa-tion available from the good Passenger Lists is reasonably accurate, givenwhat we know about how German immigrants left their country.Unfortu-nately, as discussed in detail earlier, the good lists may not be an accurateindicator of the occupational distribution of the entire immigrant stream.Appendix 5.2Classification of OccupationsMajor occupations included in each class are listed.I.Unskilled WorkersLaborers laborersServants domestic servantsOther Unskilled carriers, packers, porters, soldiers, seamen,fishermen, barbers.II.Farmers farmer, cultivator, peasant, farm laborer (explicitlylisted as such).IIIa.Artisans and Other Skilled Workers (Craftsmen)Building trades carpenters, bricklayers, masons, plasterers,painters, plumbers, brickmakers.Mining miners; stonecutters, quarrymen.Food trades brewers, bakers, confectioners, butchers, millers,malsters. 124 Mass Migration Under SailMetal trades blacksmiths, locksmiths, goldsmiths, jewelers,tinsmiths, silversmiths.Clothing trades tailors, milliners, shoemakers, hatters,glovers, clothiers.Woodworking trades coopers, joiners, carvers, wheelwrights.Leather saddlers, tanners, curriers.Mechanics all mechanics, not otherwise designated.Miscellaneous other bookbinders, printers; glassmakers;papermakers; oil and colormen; chemical workers.IIIb.Industrial WorkersTextiles clothmakers, spinners, weavers, stockingmakers.Iron and Steel engineers, gunmakers, cutlers, lockmakers;coachmakers, wagonmakers; founders, smelters; machinists.IV.White-Collar WorkersClerical clerks.Commercial merchants, shopkeepers; innkeeper; dealers.Professional, Technical, and Managerial accountants, doc-tors, teachers, lawyers, preachers, writers, other learned pro-fessions; manufacturers
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