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.See also precedence relationship.The four possible types oflogical relationships are:" Finish-to-start the from activity must finish before the to activity canstart." Finish-to-finish the from activity must finish before the to activity canfinish." Start-to-start the from activity must start before the to activity can start." Start-to-finish the from activity must start before the to activity can finish.Loop.A network path that passes the same node twice.Loops cannot be analyzed using tradi-tional network analysis techniques such as CPM and PERT.Loops are allowed inGERT.Management Reserve.A separately planned quantity used to allow for future situations whichare impossible to predict (sometimes called unknown unknowns ).Managementreserves may involve cost or schedule.Management reserves are intended to reducethe risk of missing cost or schedule objectives.Use of management reserve requiresa change to the project s cost baseline.Master Schedule.A summary-level schedule which identifies the major activities and key mile-stones.See also milestone schedule.Mathematical Analysis.See network analysis.Matrix Organization.Any organizational structure in which the project manager shares re-sponsibility with the functional managers for assigning priorities and for directingthe work of individuals assigned to the project.Milestone.A significant event in the project, usually completion of a major deliverable.Milestone Schedule.A summary-level schedule which identifies the major milestones.See alsomaster schedule.Mitigation.Taking steps to lessen risk by lowering the probability of a risk event s occurrenceor reducing its effect should it occur.Modern Project Management (MPM).A term used to distinguish the current broad range ofproject management (scope, cost, time, quality, risk, etc.) from narrower, tradition-al use that focused on cost and time.Monitoring.The capture, analysis, and reporting of project performance, usually as comparedto plan.Monte Carlo Analysis.A schedule risk assessment technique that performs a project simula-tion many times in order to calculate a distribution of likely results.Near-Critical Activity.An activity that has low total float.Network.See project network diagram.©1996 Project Management Institute, 130 South State Road, Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA165 GLOSSARY A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGENetwork Analysis.The process of identifying early and late start and finish dates for the un-completed portions of project activities.See also Critical Path Method, ProgramEvaluation and Review Technique, and Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique.Network Logic.The collection of activity dependencies that make up a project network diagram.Network Path.Any continuous series of connected activities in a project network diagram.Node.One of the defining points of a network; a junction point joined to some or all of theother dependency lines.See also arrow diagramming method and precedence dia-gramming method.Order of Magnitude Estimate.See estimate.Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS).A depiction of the project organizationarranged so as to relate work packages to organizational units.Organizational Planning.Identifying, documenting, and assigning project roles, responsibili-ties, and reporting relationships.Overall Change Control.Coordinating changes across the entire project.Overlap.See lead.Parametric Estimating.An estimating technique that uses a statistical relationship betweenhistorical data and other variables (e.g., square footage in construction, lines of codein software development) to calculate an estimate.Pareto Diagram.A histogram, ordered by frequency of occurrence, that shows how many re-sults were generated by each identified cause.Path.A set of sequentially connected activities in a project network diagram.Path Convergence.In mathematical analysis, the tendency of parallel paths of approximatelyequal duration to delay the completion of the milestone where they meet.Path Float.See float.Percent Complete (PC).An estimate, expressed as a percent, of the amount of work which hasbeen completed on an activity or group of activities.Performance Reporting.Collecting and disseminating information about project performanceto help ensure project progress.Performing Organization.The enterprise whose employees are most directly involved in do-ing the work of the project.PERT Chart.A specific type of project network diagram.See Program Evaluation and ReviewTechnique.Phase.See project phase.Planned Finish Date (PF).See scheduled finish date.Planned Start Date (PS).See scheduled start date
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