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.5 687 687 19.6Nevada 0 0 0 148 153 1.3New Mexico 2,843 2,686 43.3 122 0 1.9Oregon 0 0 0 48 18 0.4Utah 0 0 0 1,246 1,189 19.6Washington 890 327 5.1 332 1 1.9Wyoming 846 556 41.3 23 1 1.1 Not applicable.Prison and jails form an integrated system.aBased on the total number of inmates under state or federal jurisdiction, by jurisdiction and region.bIncludes federal inmates held in non-secure privately operated facilities (7,065 in 2004 and 7,144 in 2005).SOURCE: Paige M.Harrison and Allen J.Beck, Table 7.State and Federal Prisoners Held in Private Facilities or Local Jails, by Jurisdiction, Yearend 2004 and2005, in Prisoners in 2005, U.S.Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/p05.pdf (accessed January 12, 2007)98 Correctional Facilities: Prisons and Jails Crime, Prisons, and Jails TABLE 6.7 TABLE 6.8Rates of sentenced federal and state prisoners per 100,000 U.S.Sentenced inmates in state and federal prisons, by gender, 1995,residents, selected years 1995 2005 2004, and 2005State Federal Total* Male Female1995 379 32 411 All inmates2000 426 42 4696/30/2005 1,406,649 106,1742001 422 48 4706/30/2004 1,389,143 102,6912002 427 49 47612/31/1995 1,057,406 68,4682003 430 52 482Percent change, 2004 2005 1.3% 3.4%2004 432 54 486Average annual change, 1995 2005 3.0% 4.7%2005, midyear 433 55 488Sentenced to more than 1 year*Totals may not add due to rounding.6/30/2005 1,349,223 96,7786/30/2004 1,332,571 93,632SOURCE: Paige M.Harrison and Allen J.Beck, Number of Sentenced12/31/1995 1,021,059 63,963Inmates per 100,000 U.S.Residents on December 31, in Prison and JailIncarceration rate*Inmates at Midyear 2005, U.S.Department of Justice, Office of JusticePrograms, Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ 6/30/2005 925 646/30/2004 922 63bjs/pub/pdf/pjim05.pdf (accessed January 17, 2007)12/31/1995 789 47*The total number of prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S.residents.One trend that has contributed to the growth of prison SOURCE: Paige M.Harrison and Allen J.Beck, Table 4.Number ofPrisoners under the Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities,populations is the rise in female populations in state andby Gender, 1995, 2004, and 2005, in Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyearfederal prison.Although state prisons hold many fewer2005, U.S.Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau offemales than males, the rate of growth in the female state Justice Statistics, May 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pjim05.pdf (accessed January 17, 2007)prison population is higher than that of the male popula-tions.Between 2004 and 2005 the female populationgrew by 3.4%, from 102,691 to 106,174; between 1995and 2005 the female prison population increased by anThese additions have failed to keep up with the demandaverage of 4.7% annually.(See Table 6.8.) The numberfor prison space, however.According to Harrison andof male state inmates increased by 1.3% between 2004Beck in Prisoners in 2005, the federal system was oper-and 2005, from 1,389,143 to 1,406,649, and averaged anating at 134% of its rated capacity in 2005.In 2005,annual increase rate of 3% between 1995 and 2005.twenty-three states and the federal government wereoperating prisons at or above their highest capacity.TheThe average percent change among sentenced prison-most overcrowded systems included Massachusetts anders in state or federal custody between 1995 and 2005Illinois, which operated at 133% of their rated capacity,was highest in the western United States, where thefollowed by Wisconsin (127%) and North Dakotaaverage increase was 3.6% and the number of prisoners(126%).(See Table 6.10.)grew from 207,661 to 296,341.(See Table 6.9.) TheWhat does crowding mean? The American Correc-average change between 1995 and 2005 was lowest,tional Association guidelines, Standards for Adult Cor-2.7%, in the South, where the population of sentencedrectional Institutions (2003), specify that a standard cellprisoners grew from 446,491 to 583,132.area should measure sixty square feet, and inmates shouldPrison populations vary widely by state and region ofspend no more than ten hours per day in their cells.Whenthe country.In 2005 some smaller states experienced thecrowding occurs, two inmates are often assigned to a celllargest growth rate in their prison populations, accordingdesigned for one person, or temporary housing units areto Harrison and Beck.Among the states, the averageset up to take prison overflow.Overcrowding makes itpercentage change was highest in North Dakota, wheremore likely that disagreements will rise between inmates,the number of prisoners increased an average of 9.3% perleading to violence and injuries.In addition, diseases areyear from 1995 to 2005, followed by West Virginiamore likely to spread among the prison population.(7.9%), Oregon (7.5%), and Idaho and Wisconsin (bothat 7.4%).Jail Capacity Rated capacity is the maximum number of beds orCrowding in Prisonsinmates that may be housed in a jail.In 2005 U.S.jailsFrom 1995 to 2005 overall capacity in the state and added 33,398 beds to total jail capacity, bringing it tofederal prison systems increased as the prison population 789,001, according to Harrison and Beck in Prison andgrew.Old prisons were replaced with new ones; more Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005.(See Table 6.11.) This wasprisoners were housed in privately operated prisons; and the highest annual increase since 1995.Capacity use hadadditions to capacity at existing sites added new beds.dropped to 90% in 2001 but increased to 95% in 2005.Crime, Prisons, and Jails Correctional Facilities: Prisons and Jails 99 TABLE 6.9Sentenced state and federal prisoners, by jurisdiction, year end 1995, 2004 and 2005Region and Percent change, Average change, Incarcerationjurisdiction 12/31/2005 12/31/2004 12/31/1995 2004 05 1995 05a rate, 2005U.S.total 1,461,132 1,433,728 1,085,022 1.9% 3.0% 491Federal 166,173 159,137 83,663 4.4 7.1 56State 1,294,959 1,274,591 1,001,359 1.6 2.6 435Northeast 162,641 161,121 155,030 0.9% 0.5% 298Connecticutb 13,121 13,240 10,419 0.9 2.3 373Maine 1,905 1,961 1,326 2.9 3.7 144Massachusetts c 9,081 8,688 10,427 4.5 1.4 239New Hampshire 2,520 2,448 2,015 2.9 2.3 192New Jerseyd 27,359 26,757 27,066 2.2 0.1 313New York 62,743 63,751 68,486 1.6 0.9 326Pennsylvania 42,345 40,931 32,410 3.5 2.7 340Rhode Islandb 2,025 1,894 1,833 6.9 1.0 189Vermontb 1,542 1,451 1,048 6.3 3.9 247Midwest 252,845 249,545 192,177 1.3% 2.8% 383Illinoisd 44,919 44,054 37,658 2.0 1.8 351Indiana 24,416 23,939 16,046 2.0 4.3 388Iowad 8,737 8,525 5,906 2.5 4.0 294Kansasd 9,068 8,966 7,054 1.1 2.5 330Michigan 49,546 48,883 41,112 1.4 1.9 489Minnesota 9,281 8,758 4,846 6.0 6.7 180Missourid 30,803 31,061 19,134 0.8 4.9 529Nebraska 4,330 4,038 3,006 7.2 3.7 245North Dakota 1,327 1,238 544 7.2 9.3 208Ohiod 45,854 44,806 44,663 2.3 0.3 400South Dakota 3,454 3,088 1,871 11.9 6.3 443Wisconsin 21,110 22,189 10,337 4.9 7.4 380South 583,132 576,292 446,491 1.2% 2.7% 539Alabama 27,003 25,257 20,130 6.9 3.0 591Arkansas 13,383 13,668 8,520 2.1 4.6 479Delawareb 3,972 4,087 3,014 2.8 2.8 467Florida 89,766 85,530 63,866 5.0 3.5 499Georgiae 48,741 51,089 34,168 4.6 3.6 533Kentucky 19,215 17,140 12,060 12.1 4.8 459Louisiana 36,083 36,939 25,195 2.3 3.7 797Maryland 22,143 22,696 20,450 2.4 0.8 394Mississippi 19,335 19,469 12,251 0.7 4.7 660North Carolina 31,522 30,683 27,914 2.7 1.2 360Oklahomad 23,245 22,913 18,151 1.4 2
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