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.All he had to do wasknock on a little window down the hall.This was the drug bank.The man in charge kept a list of the amount of the hard drugeach inmate had in his account.Flowers just had to say howmuch he wanted to withdraw and note the method of payment."If you wanted it in the vein, you got it there," recalls Flowerswho now works in a Washington, D.C.drug rehabilitation cen-ter.Dr.Isbell refuses all request for interviews.He did tell aSenate subcommittee in 1975 that he inherited the drug payoffsystem when he came to Lexington and that "it was the customin those days.The ethical codes were not so highly devel-oped, and there was a great need to know in order to protect thepublic in assessing the potential use of narcotics.I person-ally think we did a very excellent job."For every Isbell, Hyde, or Abramson who did TSS contractwork, there were dozens of others who simply served as casualCIA informants, some witting and some not.Each TSS projectofficer had a skull session with dozens of recognized expertsseveral times a year."That was the only way a tiny staff like SidGottlieb's could possibly keep on top of the burgeoning behav-ioral sciences," says an ex-CIA official."There would be no wayyou could do it by library research or the Ph.D.dissertationapproach." The TSS men always asked their contacts for thenames of others they could talk to, and the contacts would passthem on to other interesting scientists.In LSD research, TSS officers benefited from the energeticintelligence gathering of their contractors, particularly HaroldAbramson.Abramson talked regularly to virtually everyoneinterested in the drug, including the few early researchers notfunded by the Agency or the military, and he reported hisfindings to TSS.In addition, he served as reporting secretary oftwo conference series sponsored by the Agency's sometime con-duit, the Macy Foundation.These series each lasted over five LSD 65year periods in the 1950s; one dealt with "Problems of Con-sciousness" and the other with "Neuropharmacology." Heldonce a year in the genteel surroundings of the Princeton Inn,the Macy Foundation conferences brought together TSS's (andthe military's) leading contractors, as part of a group of roughly25 with the multidisciplinary background that TSS officials soloved.The participants came from all over the social sciencesand included such luminaries as Margaret Mead and Jean Pia-get.The topics discussed usually mirrored TSS's interests at thetime, and the conferences served as a spawning ground forideas that allowed researchers to engage in some healthy cross-fertilization.Beyond the academic world, TSS looked to the pharmaceuti-cal companies as another source on drugs and for a continu-ing supply of new products to test.TSS's Ray Treichler handledthe liaison function, and this secretive little man built up closerelationships with many of the industry's key executives.Hehad a particular knack for convincing them he would not re-veal their trade secrets.Sometimes claiming to be from theArmy Chemical Corps and sometimes admitting his CIA con-nection, Treichler would ask for samples of drugs that wereeither highly poisonous, or, in the words of the onetime directorof research of a large company, "caused hypertension, in-creased blood pressure, or led to other odd physiological activ-ity."Dealing with American drug companies posed no particularproblems for TSS.Most cooperated in any way they could.Butrelations with Sandoz were more complicated.The giant Swissfirm had a monopoly on the Western world's production of LSDuntil 1953.Agency officials feared that Sandoz would somehowallow large quantities to reach the Russians.Since informationon LSD's chemical structure and effects was publicly availablefrom 1947 on, the Russians could have produced it any timethey felt it worthwhile.Thus, the Agency's phobia about San-doz seems rather irrational, but it unquestionably did exist.On two occasions early in the Cold War, the entire CIA hier-archy went into a dither over reports that Sandoz might allowlarge amounts of LSD to reach Communist countries.In 1951reports came in through military channels that the Russianshad obtained some 50 million doses from Sandoz.Horrendousvisions of what the Russians might do with such a stockpilecirculated in the CIA, where officials did not find out the intelli- 66 INTELLIGENCE OR "WITCHES POTIONS"gence was false for several years
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