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.1).The correlation of a particular form of communication with a specific setof cultural values is not absolute.For instance, reader responsibility is often 60 Writing Around the WorldTable 4.1 Relationship between writer responsibility,reader responsibility, and cultureWriter responsible Reader responsiblelow uncertainty high uncertaintyindividual identity group identitydirect communication indirect communicationuniversal application of rules specific application of ruleslinear notions of time nonlinear notions of timeassociated with cultures that have strong orientations toward groups.Thereason for this is that when a group of people share a long historical context,they also share the knowledge associated with that context.Shared knowledgeis easy to accomplish when people are more or less the same.But exceptionsare also easy to find.Some reader responsible cultures have an uncharacteristictendency for individualism.Culture is far from absolute, and exceptionsquickly complicate strategies for effective writing.And one of the best intro-ductions for understanding intercultural writing is to examine a paper sanatomy.4.1 Anatomy of a paperIt may seem unusual to think about the anatomy of a paper, but writing aroundthe world is precisely about this topic.Some cultures are used to the idea thata good and effective paper is based on presenting an idea, supporting it withample evidence, and reinforcing the concept at the end.An effective multipartpaper in another culture may bring forth a main point, amplify its claim, pro-vide a preliminary explanation, substantiate it with two or three main points,and settle on a conclusion.It is the difference between these two kinds ofstructures that give rise to the broader differences of intercultural writing(Table 4.2).Writer responsibility regularly incorporates a three-part structure thatincludes an introduction, body, and conclusion.The introduction contains anoverview, relevant questions, and an objective.The body of a paper bringsforth two or three main points and a prominent counterargument.Evidenceand proof is offered by way of accumulative points, each one building on theprevious piece of evidence.Finally, a conclusion is offered that is both firm Writing Around the World 61Table 4.2 Relationship between anatomy of a paper, writer respon-sibility, and reader responsibilityWriter responsible Reader responsibleprovides overview provides contextimmediate thesis delayed thesis (may be absent)parallel progression sequential progressionaccumulative follows tangentsincludes counterargument absent counterargument (or minimized)conclusion firm but flexible conclusion definitiveand flexible.The goal of persuasive prose among writer responsible culturesis to make a sound argument that gives the reader a sense of control over itsoutcome.The reader decides.Reader responsibility emphasizes a complex structural and persuasivepattern.While reader responsible papers may conform to a three-part struc-ture, its organizational approach often results in papers appearing to havemore than three parts.The main reason for the multipart reader responsiblepaper is that it absorbs nuance, additional context, and secondary informa-tion.Like writer responsibility, reader responsible introductions may containan overview of a paper s objective.But introductions among reader responsi-ble cultures do not necessarily offer a clear thesis statement.Instead, readerresponsibility brings the assumption that both writer and reader alreadyunderstand the main argument.And in instances when such an assumptionmay not be inferred, the result is usually one of indifference to a reader sneeds.Conclusions are also different, opting for a more definitive claim thanfound in writer responsibility.A reader responsible author decides the fate ofa conclusion.The writer decides.4.1.1 OverviewTwo contrastive papers are examined in this section.One paper is written froma writer responsible perspective and the other paper is written from a readerresponsible perspective.The topic of these papers is the debate between natureand nurture.Whether a paper argues for one side or the other is unimportantto the goal of comparison.Instead of refining the details of genes versus theenvironment, this section emphasizes the strategic anatomical differencesbetween writer responsibility and reader responsibility. 62 Writing Around the WorldWriter responsibility : The technical name for writer responsibility is called par-allel progression.Much parallel progression, or writer responsibility, followswhat is called a linear and deductive pattern.As a result, the topic of one sen-tence is passed onto the next sentence.The effect of writer responsibility is onein which ideas are neatly stitched together, leaving few gaps between sentences,paragraphs, and overarching concepts and ideas.Structurally, writer responsi-bility follows a tight deductive chain of reasoning.Expressed symbolically,writer responsibility uses an AB to BC to CD structure.Writer responsibility isoften associated with lower uncertainty avoidance, greater sense of personalidentity, direct forms of communication, universal application of principlesand rules, and linear concepts of time.In writer responsible cultures, the anatomy of a paper normally followsa three-part structure.These three parts include an introduction, body, andconclusion
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