[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.Pathological anarchismarises from breakdowns of order associated with political normalcy andeffective patterns of governance, leading to sustained violence that includesgenocidal outbreaks and other crimes against humanity, as well as chaoticconditions that produce havens for global terrorism and massivedisplacements of people from their traditional habitats.A new type of pathological anarchism, with serious implications forregionalism, arises from the potent use of multinational networking tochallenge hegemonic patterns of control, especially in the Middle East.Theal Qaeda recourse to megaterrorism can be understood as a pathological driveto achieve regional autonomy under extremist Islamic governance thateliminates the American presence, condemns those governments in theregion that have collaborated with the United States and with globalization,and seeks to replace the statist divisions of the Islamic world with a unifiedpolitical community organized along religious lines that implement sharia(Islamic law governing social relations normally administered by religioustribunals) strictly.4.Facilitating a renewal of positive globalism as a world order projectthrough the medium of enhanced regionalism.As indicated, positiveregionalism refers to regionalizing tendencies that promote such widelyshared world order values as peace, equity, human rights, and enviornmentalprotection.The implications of the first three issues are essentially negativeand can, to some extent, be diminished or redirected by certain forms ofregionalization.Positive globalism conceives of the world s governance REGIONALISM " 53structure as aspirational in character a structure that promotessustainability, human rights, development (especially in relation to povertyand other forms of deprivation), accountability of leaders, the rule of law,and demilitarization (reducing warfare, arms races and sales, and eliminatingweaponry of mass destruction).Given concerns about the homogenizationof identities, cultural diversity, and excessive centralization, theencouragement of stronger regional institutions might operate both as analternative to and complement of positive globalism, thereby providing thepeoples of the world with a vision of a desirable world order.5.Considering the normative achievements of regionalism in terms of itscontributions to the well-being of the peoples living within its framework.This conception of positive regionalism as an end in itself is quite distinctfrom the evaluation of regionalism as a constituent element in a structure ofglobal governance.It has been most fully explored, of course, in the settingof Europe, especially by the encounter between Eurocrats of various hue andEuroskeptics, but it is also relevant to visions of a better future in Africa,Latin America, and Asia (Sidjanski, 1992).Due to the focus on the regional/global interface, as well as space constraints, the regionalisms of Africa andLatin America are not discussed here.Containing Negative Globalism via RegionalismNegative globalism refers to the adverse effects of economic, political, andcultural integration at the global level (Mander and Goldsmith, 1996).Theintegrative dynamic is not inherently negative, but it is having a series of adverseeffects given the context of the current world order.These effects arise primarilyfrom a hegemonic ideology that validates high levels of insensitivity to humansuffering, insufficient attention to ecological sustainability, tendencies towardpolarization (widening gaps between and within countries, and among regions)and marginalization (virtual exclusion of countries, regions, and ethnicminorities from developmental progress).Negative globalism also instrumentalizes the state by promoting elites whoespouse the appropriate ideas and by mounting a variety of pressures to conformto globalizing priorities that give governments little political space within whichto explore alternative strategies relating to the production and distribution ofpublic goods.Most states are either co-opted or subordinated, weakeningimpulses to regulate on behalf of even the national common good, much lessfurthering the global public good.In this regard, the world economy, as a totalitybut with wide variations in practice, somewhat resembles the early capitalistperiod when market forces prevailed to the extent that labor was exploited in avariety of ways (such as long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions, no jobsecurity, and no protection in old age or in the event of emergencies)
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
